Discovering the marine ecosystems of Martinique

In Martinique, the marine environment is made up of three major ecosystems, corals, sea grass beds and mangroves, which play an unsuspected role in the preservation of the island's coastline and its underwater flora and fauna. Preserving them is therefore essential! We explain why and how. 

The coral reef

Let's start with the coral reef. Also known as a coral reef, it is a collection of corals that together form a natural structure. If it is so easy to observe corals in Martinique, while snorkeling, diving or on a boat, it is because they develop mainly in warm tropical waters and at a shallow depth, at a maximum of twenty meters underwater, in order to capture enough light. 

Light is therefore essential for corals. Why is this so? Because corals are actually animals - called polyps - that live in symbiosis with a micro-alga - the Zooxanthellae - which feeds the polyp through photosynthesis. And for the record, it is these Zooxanthellae that give coral reefs their various shimmering colours by using solar energy during photosynthesis. 

Beyond access to light, other elements are essential for the proper development of tropical corals: 

• Clear water, so that you can enjoy good light 
• Oxygenated water to ensure the survival of micro-algae 
• Warm water, between 24°C and 29°C, the ideal temperature for coral calcification and reproduction

All this being said, the reason why coral reefs are so important is that they are home to a varied fauna and flora made up of multiple species of fish, sponges, anemones and gorgonians. Their disappearance would therefore be synonymous with real upheaval in the ecosystem that they shelter. 

And that's not all: by breaking the swell from the open sea, coral reefs protect the seagrass beds and mangroves that only develop in calm water. We will tell you more about the importance of these two marine ecosystems in the following. 

Herbarium 

As mentioned above, the coral reefs help to preserve the seagrass beds, which are also essential to the proper functioning of the marine ecosystem in Martinique.  

The meadows serve as food for various sea grazers, such as turtles, which are a protected species (!), certain fish, sea urchins, starfish and lambis, as well as sea cucumbers or Holothurians, which are real sand cleaners. But they also ensure the oxygenation of the waters in which they evolve, capture oceanic carbon, slow down currents and therefore limit coastal erosion, as well as trapping sediments, thanks to their roots. The interest is twofold: to prevent sediments from suffocating the corals on the one hand, and to offer a choice substrate for the development of coastal flora on the other. 

Anchoring, the lack of sanitation of water discharged on the coast and trampling are all threats to the sea grass beds, which are an essential ecosystem of the Martinique coastline and the marine environment in general. So drop your anchor on the sandy bottom and use buoys when available to anchor above the sea grass beds.  

The mangrove 

Mangroves are forests that grow between land and sea in brackish water, a mixture of fresh and salt water. Mangrove trees are able to grow in this environment because their aerial roots, like stilts, are able to filter the salt from the sea water and oxygenate themselves in the open air. 

For the botanical minute, it is important to know that it is actually the red mangroves that can be seen on the edge of the mangrove. In the back of the mangrove, where there is less water, it is the black mangrove that takes precedence, anchored in the mud; and in the dry zone on dry land, it is the grey and white mangroves that can be found. 

What is important to remember is that the preservation and protection of mangroves is essential, as these ecosystems provide invaluable ecological services for both the seabed and the coastline. 

Mangroves are real nurseries allowing juvenile fish to develop sheltered from currents and large predators. Once they are ready to set sail, they can then feed in the grass beds and join the coral reefs. Many species of crabs, molluscs, birds and rodents nest in the mangroves.  

Thanks to the skilful intertwining of the stilt roots of the mangroves along the coast, mangroves are also able to absorb swell and thus protect the coast from erosion and submersion due to cyclones or even tsunamis. 

It should be noted that they also trap sediments and pollution from the land, thus preserving corals, sea grass beds and their species. Finally, like all forests, mangroves trap CO2, a significant asset in the fight against global warming. 

The coral reef therefore protects the seagrass beds, which themselves play an essential role for the mangroves, which in turn preserve the seagrass beds and allow many species to develop in complete safety. The good health of this mangrove-grass-coral reef triptych is therefore a determining factor for rich and lively seabeds: an asset for both fishing and leisure activities - diving, snorkelling, sailing - provided that they are always respectful of these precious marine ecosystems. 

Article written by : Axelle DORVILLE